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LITERATURE REVIEW
Structure of the Observed Learning Outcomes (SOLO) model: A mixed-method systematic review of research in mathematics education
1
University of New England, Armidale, AUSTRALIA
2
University of Ilorin, Ilorin, NIGERIA
Publication date: 2022-05-14
EURASIA J. Math., Sci Tech. Ed 2022;18(6):em2119
KEYWORDS
ABSTRACT
The review followed the preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis
(PRISMA) standard to search and report relevant articles on the use of SOLO model in
mathematics. A systematic search was conducted in Education Source, ERIC, JSTOR, and PsycINFO
databases and yielded 198 studies. After screening and appraisal, 62 papers (37 qualitative, 17
quantitative, and eight mixed-method studies) published in English between 1990 and 2020 were
reported using a narrative synthesis. The findings indicated that SOLO model appropriately
reflects students’ learning outcomes; there is a direct relationship between students’
performances and their SOLO levels; and SOLO model could explain several other developmental
theories and contribute to the development of mathematics curricula. These findings highlight
the gaps between theory and practice of this model in mathematics education, and informs
education professionals about the diverse applications of the SOLO model for improving
mathematics teaching and learning, fair assessment, and curriculum development.
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