Archives
Current issue
About
About us
Aims and Scope
Abstracting and Indexing
Editorial Office
Open Access Policy
Publication Ethics
Journal History
Publisher
Follow us: Twitter
Contact
For Authors
Editorial Policy
Peer Review Policy
Manuscript Preparation Guidelines
Copyright & Licencing
Publication Fees
Fee Waiver Policy for Doctoral Students
EJMSTE Language Editing Service
More
Statistics
Special Issues
Special Issue Announcements
Published Special Issues
RESEARCH PAPER
The effectiveness of using the model-based thinking strategy in developing first-grade high school students’ physical concepts and inquiry thinking skills
1
Department of Educational & Psychological Sciences, Faculty of Specific Education, Mansoura University, Mansoura, EGYPT
2
Department of Curriculum & Instruction, College of Education, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, SAUDI ARABIA
Online publication date: 2023-03-25
Publication date: 2023-04-01
EURASIA J. Math., Sci Tech. Ed 2023;19(4):em2254
KEYWORDS
ABSTRACT
This research aimed to verify the effectiveness of using the model-based thinking strategy in
developing first-grade high school students’ physical concepts and inquiry thinking skills. To
achieve this goal, the research used the experimental approach with a quasi- experimental design
for the experimental and control groups. The sample of the study consisted of 67 students in the
first grade of high school, and it was divided into two groups: the experimental group 33 students
(who studied using the model-based thinking strategy) and the control group 34 students (who
studied conventionally). The study used the following tools: the physical concepts test and the
inquiry thinking skills test. The results of the current research revealed that there are statistically
significant differences between mean scores obtained by the experimental and control groups in
the physical concepts test as a whole and its different levels of knowledge favoring the
experimental group, and there are statistically significant differences between mean scores
obtained by the experimental and control groups in the inquiry thinking test as a whole and its
different skills favoring the experimental group, and there is a positive statistically significant
relationship between the development of physical concepts and inquiry thinking skills among the
students of the experimental group. Finally, the research presented some recommendations and
proposals, including conducting more studies on model-based thinking strategy, inquiry thinking
skills, and physical concepts in various disciplines and age stages.
REFERENCES (105)
1.
Abd-El-Khalick, F., Boujaoude, S., Duschl, R., Lederman, N., Mamlok-Naaman, R., Hofstein, A., Niaz, M., Treagust, D., & Tuan, H.-L. (2004). Inquiry in science education: International perspectives. Science Education, 88, 397-419. https://doi.org/10.1002/sce.10....
2.
Abrahams, I., & Millar, R. (2008). Does practical work really work? A study of the effectiveness of practical work as a teaching and learning method in school science. International Journal of Science Education, 30(14), 1945-1969. https://doi.org/10.1080/095006....
3.
Aikens, M. L. (2020). Meeting the needs of a changing landscape: Advances and challenges in undergraduate biology education. Bulletin of Mathematical Biology, 82(5), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11538....
4.
Aina, J. (2013). Instructional materials and improvisation in physics class: Implications for teaching and learning. Journal of Research & Method in Education, 2(5), 38-42. https://doi.org/10.9790/7388-0....
5.
Al-Araimi, S., Ambusaidi, A., Selim, M., & Amri, M. A. (2018). The Iimpact of caricature drawings in the acquisition of scientific concepts and attitudes of 4th grade students for basic education towards science. Journal of Baltic Science Education, 17(3), 414. https://doi.org/10.33225/jbse/....
6.
Al-Bassam, M. (2015). The principles of statistics for theoretical studies: Management and social sciences. The Scientific Algorithm for Publication and Distribution.
7.
Alves, P. (2014). Vygotsky and Piaget: Scientific concepts. Psychology in Russia: State of the Art, 7(3), 24-34. https://doi.org/10.11621/pir.2....
8.
American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) (1993). Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy. Oxford University Press. http://www.project2061.org/pub....
9.
Anderson, R. D. (2002). Reforming science teaching: What research says about inquiry. Journal of Science Teacher Education, 13(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015....
10.
Baran, M. (2016). An analysis on high school students’ perceptions of physics courses in terms of gender (a sample from Turkey). Journal of Education and Training Studies, 4(3), 150-160. https://doi.org/10.11114/jets.....
11.
Barrow, L. (2006). A brief history of inquiry-from Dewey to standards. Journal of Science Teacher Education, 17, 265-78.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10972....
12.
Bello, T., Opaleye, O., & Olatunde, A. (2018). Perceived difficult concepts in physics among senior secondary school students in life central local government area of Osun. International Journal of Contemporary Issues in Education, 3, 30-41.
13.
Beltrán, A. (2018). Problem based materials to develop inquiry skills. Teacher-designed materials focused on problem-based learning to develop inquiry skills [Master’s thesis, Universidad Externado de Colombia].
14.
Bolger, M., Osness, J., Gouvea, J., & Cooper, A. (2021). Supporting scientific practice through model-based inquiry: A students’ eye view of grappling with data, uncertainty, and community in a laboratory experience. CBE–Life Sciences Education, 20(4), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1187/cbe.21....
15.
Bryce, C., Baliga, V., Nesnera, D., Fiack, D., Goetz, K., Tarjan, M., Wade,C., & Gilbert, G. (2016). Exploring models in the biology classroom. The American Biology Teacher, 78(1), 35-42. https://doi.org/10.1525/abt.20....
16.
Cakir, M. (2008). Constructivist approached to learning in science and their implications for science pedagogy: A literature review. International Journal of Environmental & Science Education, 3(4), 193-206.
17.
Chen, Y., Benus, M., & Yarker, M. (2016). Using models to support argumentation in the science classroom. The American Biology Teacher, 78(7), 549-559. https://doi.org/10.1525/abt.20....
18.
Colgrove, A. (2012). Approaches to teaching young children science concepts and vocabulary and scientific problem-solving skills and role of classroom environment [Master’s thesis, University of Nebraska].
19.
Darmaji, D., Kurniawan, D. A., & Irdianti, I. (2019). Physics education students’ science process skills. International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education, 8(2), 293-298. http://doi.org/10.11591/ijere.....
20.
Dounas-Frazer, D., Van De Bogart, K., Stetzer, M., & Lewandowski, H. (2016). Investigating the role of model-based reasoning while troubleshooting an electric circuit. Physical Review Physics Education Research, 12, 010137. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRe....
21.
Driver, R., Leach, J., Millar, R., & Scott, P. (1996). Young people’s images of science. Open University Press.
22.
Dudu, W., & Vhurumuku, E. ( 2012). Teachers’ practices of inquiry when teaching investigations: A case study. Journal of Science Teacher Education, 23(6), 579-600. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10972....
23.
Eberbach, C., & Crowley, K. (2009). From every day to scientific observation: How children learn to observe the biologist’s world. Review of Educational Research, 79(1), 39-68. https://doi.org/10.3102/003465....
24.
Ertikanto, C., Herpratiwi, Yanarti, T., & Saputra, A. (2017). Development and evaluation of a model-supported scientific inquiry training program for elementary teachers in Indonesia. International Journal of Instruction, 10(3), 93-108. https://doi.org/10.12973/iji.2....
25.
Eshach, H., & Fried, M. N. (2005). Should science be taught in early childhood? Journal of Science Education and Technology, 14(3), 315-336. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10956....
26.
Falode, O., & Gambari, A. (2017). Evaluation of virtual laboratory package on Nigerian secondary school physics concepts. Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education, 18(2) 168-178. https://doi.org/10.17718/tojde....
27.
Familari, F., Rayner, G., Da Silva, K., & Young, J. (2013). Scientific inquiry skills in first year biology: Building on pre-tertiary skills or back to basics? International Journal of Innovation in Science and Mathematics Education, 21(1), 1-17.
28.
Fretz, E. B., Wu, H.-K., Zhang, B. H., Davis, E. A., Krajcik, J. S., & Soloway, E. (2002). An investigation of software scaffolds supporting modeling practices. Research in Science Education, 32, 567-589. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022....
29.
Gaytan, C. (2017). Model-based reasoning is not a simple thing: Investigating enactment of modeling in five high school biology classrooms [PhD thesis, University of California].
30.
Gilbert, J., & Gusti, R. (2016). Modelling-based teaching in science education. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-....
31.
Gouvea, J., & Passmore, C. (2017). ‘Models of’ versus ‘models for’: Towards an agent-based conception of modeling in the science classroom. Science & Education, 26(1), 49-63. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11191....
32.
Gurcay, D., & Gulbas, E. (2017). Determination of factors related to students’ understanding of heat, temperature and internal energy concepts. Journal of Education and Training Studies, 6(2), 65-72. https://doi.org/10.11114/jets.....
33.
Hammann, M., Phan, T. T. H., Ehmer, M., & Grimm, T. (2008). Assessing pupils’ skills in experimentation. Journal of Biological Education, 42(2), 66-72. https://doi.org/10.1080/002192....
34.
Harlen, W. (2014). Helping children’s development of inquiry skills. Inquiry in Primary Science Education, 1, 5-19.
35.
Harrison, C. (2014). Assessment of inquiry skills in the SAILS project. Science Education International, 25(1), 112-122.
36.
Hasse, S., Joavhim, C., Bogeholz, S., & Hammann, M. (2014). Assessing teaching and assessment competences of biology teacher trainees: Lessons from item development. International Journal of Education in Mathematics, Science and Technology, 2(3), 191-205. https://doi.org/10.18404/ijems....
37.
Holsti, O. R. (1968). Content analysis for the social sciences and humanities. Addison-Wesley.
38.
Hubbs, N., Parent, K., & Stoltzfus, J. (2017). Models in the biology classroom: An in-class modeling activity on meiosis. The American Biology Teacher, 79(6), 482-491. https://doi.org/10.1525/abt.20....
39.
Ifenthaler, D., & Seel, N. (2013). Model-based reasoning. Computers & Education, 64, 131-142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comp....
40.
Ješková, Z., Lukáˇc, S., Šnajder, L’., Guniš, J., Klein, D., & Kireš, M. (2022). Active learning in STEM education with regard to the development of inquiry skills. Education Sciences, 12, 686. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsc....
41.
Ješková, Z., Lukač, S., Hančova, M., Šnajder, L., Guniš, J., Brigita Balogova, B., & Kireš, M. (2016). Efficacy of inquiry-based learning in mathematics, physics and informatics in relation to the development of students´ inquiry skills. Journal of Baltic Science Education, 15(5), 559-574. https://doi.org/10.33225/jbse/....
42.
Kask, K., & Rannikmäe, M. (2006). Estonian teachers’ readiness to promote inquiry skills among students. Journal of Baltic Science Education, 5(9), 5-16.
43.
Kazeni, M., Baloyi, E., & Gaigher, E. (2018). Effectiveness of individual and group investigations in developing integrated science inquiry skills. South African Journal of Education, 38(3), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.15700/saje.....
44.
Klahr, D., & Nigam, M. (2004). The equivalence of learning paths in early science instruction: Effects of direct instruction and discovery learning. Psychological Science, 15(10), 661-667. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0956....
45.
Kruit, P., Oostdam, R., van den Berg, E., & Schuitema, J. (2018). Effects of explicit instruction on the acquisition of students’ science inquiry skills in grades 5 and 6 of primary education. International Journal of Science Education, 40(4), 421-441. https://doi.org/10.1080/095006....
46.
Kuhn, D., & Dean, D. (2004). Connecting scientific reasoning and causal inference. Journal of Cognition and Development, 5(2), 261-288. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327....
47.
Kuhn, D., Black, J., Keselman, A., & Kaplan, D. (2000). The development of cognitive skills to support inquiry learning. Cognition and Instruction, 18(4), 495-523. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15326....
48.
Kumar, A., & Mathur, M. (2013). Effect of concept attainment model on acquisition of physics concepts. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 1(3), 165-169. https://doi.org/10.13189/ujer.....
49.
Lati, W., Supasorn, S., & Promarak, V. (2012). Enhancement of learning achievement and integrated science process skills using science inquiry learning activities of chemical reaction rates. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 46, 4471-4475. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbsp....
50.
Latour, B. (1999). Pandora’s hope: Essays on the reality of science studies. Harvard University Press.
51.
Lazonder, A. W., & Harmsen, R. (2016). Meta-analysis of inquiry-based learning: Effects of guidance. Review of Educational Research, 86(3), 681-718. https://doi.org/10.3102/003465....
52.
Lee, C., & Shea, M. (2016). An analysis of pre-service elementary teachers’ understanding of inquiry-based science teaching. Science Education International, 27(2), 219-237.
53.
Lee, O., Quinn, H., & Valdes, G. (2012). Language demands and opportunities in relation to next generation science standards for English language learners: What teachers need to know. Understanding Language: Stanford University School of Education. https://ul.stanford.edu/.
54.
Lehrer, R., & Schauble, L. (2004). Modeling natural variation through distribution. American Educational Research Journal, 41(3), 635-679. https://doi.org/10.3102/000283....
55.
Lehrer, R., & Schauble, L. (2006). Cultivating model-based reasoning in science education. In R. K. Sawyer (Ed.), The Cambridge handbook of the learning sciences (pp. 371-387). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO978....
56.
Lethrer, R., & Schauble, L. (2000). Developing model-based reasoning in mathematics and science. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 21(1), 39-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0193-....
57.
Luckie, D., Harrison, S., & Eber-May, D. (2011). Model-based reasoning: Using visual tools to reveal student learning. Advances in Physiology Education, 35, 59-67. https://doi.org/10.1152/advan.....
58.
Miller, P. (2015). Developmental issues in model-based reasoning during childhood. Mind and Society, 2(2), 49-58. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF0251....
59.
Minogue, J., Madden, L., Bedward, J., Wieb, E., & Carter, M. (2010). The cross-case analyses of elementary students’ engagement in the strands of science proficiency. Journal of Science Teacher Education, 21, 559-587. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10972....
60.
Moller, A., Hartmann, S., & Mayer, J. (2010). Differentiation and development of five levels in scientific inquiry skills: A longitudinal assessment of Biology students in grade 5 to 10 [Paper presentation]. The Annual Meeting of the National Association of Research in Science Teaching.
61.
Mustafa, M., & Trudel, L. (2013). The impact of cognitive tools on the development of the inquiry skills of high school students in physics. International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications, 4(9), 124-129. https://doi.org/10.14569/IJACS....
62.
Nersessian, N. J., & Patton, C. (2009). Model-based reasoning in interdisciplinary engineering. In A. W. M. Meijers (Ed.), The handbook of the philosophy of technology & engineering sciences (pp. 678-718). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0....
63.
Nkwo, N. I, Akinbobola, A. O., & Ikitde, G. A. (2008). Effects of prior knowledge of instructional objectives on students achievement in selected difficult concepts in senior secondary school physics. African Research Review, 2(1), 241-260. https://doi.org/10.4314/afrrev....
64.
Novak, J. D. (1996). Concept mapping: A tool for improving science teaching and learning. In D. F. Treagust, R. Duit, & B. J. Fraser (Eds.), Improving teaching and learning in science and mathematics (pp. 32-43). Teachers College Press. https://doi.org/10.1002/tea.36....
65.
Nowack, P., & Casperson, M. (2014). Model-based thinking and practice: A top-down approach to computational thinking. In Proceedings of the 14th Koli Calling International Conference (pp. 20-23). https://doi.org/10.1145/267468....
66.
National Research Council (NRC) (1996). National science education standards. The National Academy Press.
67.
National Research Council (NRC). (2000). Inquiry and the national science education standards: A guide for teaching and learning. National Academy Press.
68.
NGSS Lead States (2013). Next generation science standards: For states, by states. The National Academies Press.
69.
Obafemi, D., & Onwioduokit, F. (2013). Identification of difficult concepts in senior secondary school two (SS2) physics curriculum in Rivers State, Nigeria. Asian Journal of Education and e-Learning, 1(5), 317-322.
70.
Onwioduokit, F. A. (1996). Difficult concepts in physics as experienced by senior secondary students in Akwa Ibom State Nigeria. Journal of Nigerian Education Research Reporters’ Association, 1(1), 19-28.
71.
Osborne, J. (2015). Practical work in science: Misunderstood and badly used? School Science Review, 96(357), 16-24.
72.
Ozturk, E. (2021). The effect of STEM activities on the scientific inquiry skills of pre-service primary school teachers. Journal of Education in Science, Environment and Health, 7(4), 296-308. https://doi.org/10.21891/jeseh....
73.
Passmore, C., Gouvea, J. S., & Giere, R. (2014). Models in science and in learning science: Focusing scientific practice on sense-making. In M. Matthews (Ed.), International handbook of research in history, philosophy and science teaching (pp. 1171-1202). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94....
74.
Pedaste, M., Baucal, A., & Reisenbuk, E. (2021). Towards a science inquiry test in primary education: development of items and scales. International Journal of STEM Education, 8, 19. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40594....
75.
Penner, D., Lehrer, R., & Schauble, L. (1998). From physical models to biomechanics: A design-based modeling approach. The Journal of the Learning Sciences, 7(3&4), 429-449. https://doi.org/10.1080/105084....
76.
Petrosino, A. J., Lehrer, R., & Schauble, L. (2003). Structuring error and experimental variation as distribution in the fourth grade. Mathematical Thinking and Learning, 5(2&3), 131-156. https://doi.org/10.1080/109860....
77.
Polyium, U., Wannagatesiri, T., & Nugultham, K. (2018). Effect of practical work on students’ inquiry skills for hydrocarbon compounds classification tests. In Proceedings of the 6th International Conference for Science Educators and Teachers.
78.
Rajibussalim, R., Rahmayani, E., & Irwandi, I. (2018). Utilizing investigative science learning environment (ISLE) based STEM module for enhancing students’ understanding of physics concepts. Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1120, 012086. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6....
79.
Ross, A., & Willson, V. (2012). The effects of representations, constructivist approaches, and engagement on middle school students’ algebraic procedure and conceptual understanding. School Science and Mathematics, 112(2), 117-128. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1949....
80.
Russ, R., & Odden, T. (2017). Intertwining evidence- and model-based reasoning in physics sense making: An example from electrostatics. Physical Review Education Research, 13, 020105. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRe....
81.
Ryan, D. (2013). Combining systems thinking, model-based reasoning, and project based learning to advance student agency, increase student engagement and understanding, and provide an authentic and accurate method of assessing student competencies in a high school aquatic science course [Master’s thesis, University of Texas at Austin].
82.
Sadeh, I., & Zion, M. (2009). The development of dynamic inquiry performances within an open inquiry setting: A comparison to guided inquiry setting. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 46(10), 1137-1150. https://doi.org/10.1002/tea.20....
83.
Schorr, R. Y., & Koellner-Clark, K. (2003). Using a modeling approach to consider the ways in which teachers consider new ways to teach mathematics. Mathematical Thinking and Learning: An International Journal, 5(2), 191-210. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327....
84.
Shimoda, T. A., White, B. Y., & Frederiksen, J. R. (2002). Student goal orientation in learning inquiry skills with modifiable software advisors. Science Education, 86, 244-263. https://doi.org/10.1002/sce.10....
85.
Shlezinger, N., Whang, J. Eldar, Y., & Dimakis, A. (2021). Model-based deep learning: Key approaches and design guidelines. In Proceedings of the IEEE Data Science and Learning Workshop (pp. 1-6). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/DSLW51....
86.
Sobremisana, V. (2017). Use of physics innovative device for improving students’ motivation and performance in learning selected concepts in physics. Asia Pacific Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 5(4), 1-9.
87.
Sokrat, H., Tamani, S., Moutaabbid, M., & Radid, M. (2014). Difficulties of students from the faculty of science with regard to understanding the concepts of chemical thermodynamics. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 116, 368-372. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbsp....
88.
Solimani, A. (2013). An examination of the effects of collaborative scientific visualization via model-based reasoning on science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) learning within an immersive 3D world [PhD dissertation, Colorado Technical University].
89.
Streveler, R., Geist, M., Ammerman, R., Sulzbach, C., Miller, R., Olds, B., & Nelson, M. (2006). Identifying and investigating difficult concepts in engineering mechanics and electric circuits. Center for the Advancement of Engineering Education.
90.
Sun, C., Ye, S., & Wang, Y. (2015). Effects of commercial video games on cognitive elaboration of physical concepts. Computers & Education, 88, 169-181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comp....
91.
Tazl, O. A., Perko, A., & Wotawa, F. (2019). Conversational recommendations using model-based reasoning. CEUR Workshop Proceedings, 2467, 13-19.
92.
Tekin, G., & Mustu, O. E. (2021). The effect of research-inquiry based activities on the academic achievement, attitudes, and scientific process skills of students in the seventh year science course. The European Educational Researcher, 4(1), 109-131. https://doi.org/10.31757/euer.....
93.
Tobin, R., Lacy, S., Crissman, S., & Haddad, N. (2018). Model-based reasoning about energy: A fourth-grade case study. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 55(8), 1134-1161. https://doi.org/10.1002/tea.21....
95.
Tolba, E. (2013). The psychology of understanding the reading texts. Dar Al-Sahab for Publishing and Distribution.
96.
Wang, J., Guo, D., & Jou, M. (2015). A study on the effects of model-based inquiry pedagogy on students’ inquiry skills in a virtual physics lab. Computers in Human Behavior, 49, 658-669. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.....
97.
Wendler, C., & Walker, M. E. (2006). Practical issues in designing and maintaining multiple test forms for large-scale programs. In S. M. Downing, & T. M. Haladyna (Eds.), Handbook of test development (pp. 445-467). Lawrence Erlbaum Association, Inc.
98.
White, B. (1993). Thinker tools: Causal models, conceptual change, and science instruction. Cognition and Instruction, 10, 1-100. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15326....
99.
Williams, D., Ma, Y., Prejean, L., & Ford, M.(2007). Acquisition of physics content knowledge & scientific inquiry skills in a robotics summer camp. Journal of Research on Technology in Education, 40(2), 201-216. https://doi.org/10.1080/153915....
100.
Windschitl, M. (2000). Supporting the development of science inquiry skills with special classes of software. Educational Technology, Research and Development, 48(2), 81-95. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF0231....
101.
Windschitl, M., Thompson, J., & Braaten, M. (2008). Beyond the scientific method: Model-based inquiry as a new paradigm of preference for school science investigations. Science Education, 92, 941-967. https://doi.org/10.1002/sce.20....
102.
Wu, H., & Hsieh, C. (2006). Developing sixth graders’ inquiry skills to construct explanations in inquiry-based learning environments. International Journal of Science Education, 28(11), 1289-1313. https://doi.org/10.1080/095006....
103.
Wu, J. (2013). Mutation-based learning to improve student autonomy and scientific inquiry skills in a large genetics laboratory course. CBE–Life Sciences Education, 12, 460-470. https://doi.org/10.1187/cbe.12....
104.
Zangori, L., Peel, A., Kinslow, A., Friedrichsen, P., & Sadler, T. (2017). Student development of model-based reasoning about carbon cycling and climate change in a socio-scientific issues unit. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 54(10),1249-1273. https://doi.org/10.1002/tea.21....
105.
Zwickl, B., & Hu, D. (2015). Model-based reasoning in the physics laboratory: Framework and initial results. Physical Review Physics Education Research. 11, 020113. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRe....
Share
RELATED ARTICLE
| eISSN: | 1305-8223 |
| ISSN: | 1305-8215 |
We process personal data collected when visiting the website. The function of obtaining information about users and their behavior is carried out by voluntarily entered information in forms and saving cookies in end devices. Data, including cookies, are used to provide services, improve the user experience and to analyze the traffic in accordance with the Privacy policy. Data are also collected and processed by Google Analytics tool (more).
You can change cookies settings in your browser. Restricted use of cookies in the browser configuration may affect some functionalities of the website.
You can change cookies settings in your browser. Restricted use of cookies in the browser configuration may affect some functionalities of the website.
